Nanorobotics in Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nanorobotics in Medicine - Essay Example The very favorable circumstances of such diminished size are the serious extent of accuracy and control on the finished result. In this manner, what can't be reached or controlled in the past because of space and size limitations would now be able to be handily gotten to and work on through fitting smaller than usual devices (Cavalcanti 1, Martinac and Metelko 1). Not just broadcast communications and materials science are encountering the fervor in this new innovation. The universe of medication is supposed to be one of those that will extraordinarily profit by nanotechnology. Specialists plainly observe the effect of this innovation in the act of medication. Truth be told, reserves have been streaming towards this region as of late. In the only us, as indicated by Freitas (1) more than $500 million was distributed for nanotechnology innovative work in 2002, $849 million of every 2004 and came to $1 billion of every 2006. In Europe, the European Commission allotted 1.3 billion euros for nanotechnology R&D for 2003-2006. Moreover, biomedical nanoscale applications were anticipated to have a 35% every year development rate (Freitas 1). Because of the extraordinary enthusiasm for use of nanotechnology in medication, another field of science rose and called nanomedicine. Nanomedicine is characterized as the use of the information on sub-atomi c attributes of the human body for the determination, treatment, anticipation, help, improvement of agonies, wounds and infections. Wildernesses in nanomedicine incorporate three fundamental classifications. These are nanoscale organized materials or nanodevices, built microorganisms and nanorobots (Martinac and Metelko 2). Nanoscale organized materials or nanodevices are minute gadgets that can be utilized in inserts or for conveying medications to explicit destinations. Instances of nanodevices are nanopores which can contain a lot of medications or compounds for controlled discharge utilizing the extremely high surface territory and size of the pores. Built microorganisms incorporate microbes and macrophages that can deliver chemicals or perform new helpful capacities. Desires are high in the part of clinical nanorobotics (Martinac and Metelko 2). Nanorobots are imagined to offer advances through scaling down of electronic clinical gadgets by reproducing normally existing models, for example, those of microscopic organisms and infections. This involves melding microelectronics and adjusted microorganisms to gr ow new fake natural gadgets or building microelectronics alone that can perform indicated assignments inside the human body (Freitas 9). Much the same as each ordinary machine or device, nanorobotics are imagined to be worked without any preparation in spite of the fact that in minuscule extents. Thusly, there is a need to structure fundamental parts and segments with least details and yet with all that could possibly be needed usefulness. At the end of the day, the principal objective is to produce nanobearings and nanogears which will give the above abilities. Cover aversion bearing plans by Drexler and Merkle spearheaded these endeavors (Freitas 10). A working nanorobot supposedly has sub-atomic arranging rotors and an automated arm. The last is additionally called an adjustable controller. The outside must contain or be comprised of materials like glycocalyx that don't respond or forestall ingestion of blood materials, for example, fibrinogen. These segments are likewise positioned to give biocompatibility and forestall safe framework responses. What's more, chemotactic sensors, particles with explicit authoritative

Whats the matter with tax exemption Essay Example For Students

Whats the issue with charge exception? Article Not-revenue driven foundations are making out like scoundrels, the Philadelphia Inquirer told perusers in a rankling arrangement of news stories and articles the previous spring. Despite the fact that it didn't single out expressions associations, the paper scrutinized the altruistic benefits of not-for-profits extending from medical clinics, colleges, establishments and exhibition halls to nation clubs, exchange gatherings and expert surfers. Included, their duty exclusions denied the Treasury of $36.5 billion out of 1992, as indicated by the Inquirer, and that figure bars neighborhood property charges, state and city deals burdens and expenses deferred for places of worship and strict gatherings. Imperfect suspicions and misrepresentations aside, the fiery campaign struck a full harmony in Congress. With a vast deficiency to stress over, not-revenue driven tax reductions must look to legislators a ton like Charlie Chaplin to his destitute partner in The Gold Rush. Strong enticing. With direct help sliced nearly deep down, officials have just started working on uncommon postal rates and other roundabout endowments. Holding onto this hot issue, Rep. J.J. Pickle (D-Tex.) gathered the House Ways and Means Oversight Subcommittee in June to survey whether not-revenue driven substances are consenting to the soul of the expense code. In introductory statements, Pickle charged that across the board mishandles are duping the government of duty incomes. He set not-revenue driven foundations straight to anticipate a full reappraisal. Change is required and long late, he proclaimed. Nobody is foreseeing yet a discount sack of the not-revenue driven network, however congressional pushing and media broadsides are probably going to trigger a lot of soul-looking in the theater network and some lawful strides to protect tax cuts. It implies significant change conceivably, significant reevaluation absolutely, cautions Judith Golub, official chief of the American Arts Alliance. For the present, theaters face included time and expenses for consistence with existing enactment. Farther not far off, everything is available to all. We dont recognize what is in Mr. Pickles head, Golub says. Be that as it may, theaters may have motivation to fear lawmakers surgical tools. Since theater is the main performing workmanship with both philanthropic and business wings, theaters must be particularly careful or they could confront included investigation, alerts Peter Zeisler, official executive of the Theater Communications Group. Acting to protect its assessment absolved status while encouraging co-activity with business makers, the Manhattan Theater Club as of late settled a completely claimed, revenue driven auxiliary. We took a preservationist position, says overseeing chief Barry Grove, in light of the fact that our expense status is critical to us. Interim, the Inquirer is relied upon to repackage its announcing in book structure that should increase much more extensive consideration. Certainly, a portion of the complaints are very much established. The paper reported the not-for-profit areas size and uncommon development, the leeway prerequisites for exclusion and a couple of grievous instances of overcompensation and different maltreatment, particularly among all around obeyed clinics, colleges and strict organizations. Nobody in the true blue not-revenue driven world questions that a few maltreatment exist observer the embarrassment at United Way that sent its lavishly paid official executive packingor questions the need to rebuff associations that submit extortion in not-revenue driven appearances. In its energy to legitimize features, be that as it may, the Inquirer disregarded reasons why a few foundations got tax cuts in any case. By characterizing the not-revenue driven crucial its tightest sense as beneficent administrations gave allowed to the poor by volunteers and ineffectively paid staff members the announcing shines over social advantages of clinical, instructive, HR and social exercises that can't get by on a business premise. In spite of the fact that the Internal Revenue Service records 25 separate not-revenue driven classes, the Inquirer protuberances them along with sparse qualifications. By setting such a thin rule, that couple of not-revenue driven organizations can or ought to fulfill, the arrangement reproves a large number of establishments that attempt really and at significant cost to comply with the letter and actual intent of the law. The celebration that Ashland manufactured EssayBut Grove additionally takes the high ground on rule. The virtual nonattendance of emotional plays created in the business theater and the extensive rundown of Broadway disappointments, should gracefully evidence that delivering straight dramatization is, ordinarily, a charitable endeavor. It isn't exactly as simple to present a comparable defense for musicals, he surrenders, given their more extensive business achievement and worthwhile result (not to state that there havent been a lot of disappointments). However, Grove focuses on that the greater part of the musicals on Broadway this season are recoveries or, in all likelihood started in England bolstered by substantial sponsorships. There he trusts the evidence speak for itself for permitting not-for-profit theaters to create musicals in organization with business makers. It is a case that may before long be tried, presently that British super-maker Cameron Mackintosh has guaranteed $1.5 million throughout the following five years to three New York theaters, the Manhattan Theater Club, Playwrights Horizons and Lincoln Center Theater. However, straight play or melodic, Grove is resolved that the length of a run ought to make little difference to burden status. Historical centers, for instance, routinely depend on lasting shows. Move organizations save works in their collections for quite a long time. Also, A Chorus Lines 10-year run never undermined the New York Shakespeare Festival with lost its exception. At long last, Grove pronounces, theater is a work of art that requirements support. Esteemed suspicions like Groves might be expected for reexamination, be that as it may. Indeed, even establishments, the last bastions of institutional help for expressions of the human experience, are investigating whether the beneficiaries of their largesse truly merit it. I am persuaded that some place at the base of this is a need to reconsider the significance of not-for-benefit hierarchical culture, says Rachel Bellow, an expressions funder with the Mellon Foundation. It needs to move past the customary and not enlightening qualification that not-for-benefit is for the open great and revenue driven works for private increase. That doesnt reveal to you anything. No rising waveâ It is great to discuss social advantages, yet government, state and metropolitan assets for expressions of the human experience are drained and wont return. Dislike digging in and trusting that the wave will rise. It won't, Bellow says. Withdrawal of open help could undoubtedly stretch out to abridging tax cuts. Corporate gifts, as well, have passed their top for a long time to come. Howl impacts the clamor over lost corporate dollars, which by her lights are back to the level where they generally have been yet for a fillip during the 80s. Whatever happens to the whirlwind ignited by the Inquirer, maybe the arrangement blundered most in not considering a huge number of people who choose for work in the philanthropic part. In the theater, surely, hours are regularly more and the work as requesting, if not all the more requesting, than comparable administration positions in the corporate world. With not many special cases, their pay rates and advantages are humble if not absolute appalling contrasted with the private part, and there are no investment opportunities or rewards. Nor would they be able to stow away underneath layers Of administration; aftereffects of their endeavors are obvious with each new creation.

Bruce Dawe Speech

The sonnet ‘Life Cycle’ follows the life of an Aussie Rules Football supporter from birth to death †subsequently the title ‘Life Cycle’. ‘Life Cycle’ basically clarifies that you are brought up in a house with a family who impact everything you might do and significant way of life decisions. Dawe exhibits how something as straightforward as game can be increasingly significant all through a person’s whole life Poetry communicates an individual’s most extraordinary feelings at all measure of words.In the sonnets ‘Enter Without So Much As Knocking’ and ‘Life Cycle’ Bruce Dawe communicates what the genuine Australian point of view is in his straight forward method for mentioning to individuals what living in Australia resembles. Dawe features Australian culture in the 1960’s in his sonnet ‘Enter Without So Much As Knocking’ through its long winded structure, basic casual language and a mix of the non-literal procedures to address the expanded corporate greed and detachment in the 1960’s. Dawe composes of a quick excursion through one man’s life from birth to death and appears to underline an existence with small significance. nd shared by everyone whose lives essentially spin around football. Another way Dawe shows the point of view that Australians love sport is his utilization of scriptural implication, demonstrating that football supporters structure their own religion or pledge as spoke to in the sonnet by expressing â€Å"and the agreement is sealed†. Another technique for demonstrating how enthusiastic Australians are about their adoration for sport is by ANZAC implication. Contrasting players with officers and warriors feature the degree of regard that they are appeared to have for their cherished football club.Thus, the sonnet is a happy gander at the significance of football to the Victorians. than religion, so a lot to try and stat e that it replaces it. He clarifies, through the steady utilization of expression, that some Australian families have sport engraved into their day by day schedule and use it to bond with one another. â€Å"Oohh you bludger† is a precise case of this since it is a sort of slang that is found out from the family as a youngster There is a brief rather negative tone that swarms this sonnet; life is gone before you know it.The Latin inscription at the top means the dreary update that we will all bite the dust †â€Å"remember, man that thou craftsmanship dust, and unto dust shalt thou return. † This proposes ‘we are for the most part mortal and along these lines, whatever endeavoring we do, there are bigger inquiries that the endeavoring ought to be identified with, and that endeavoring simply out of sheer, daze personal responsibility is damaging endeavoring. ’ He presents life as normalized, popularized and rather unsurprising and unappealing. This is an episodical sonnet that characteristically manages a normal ‘him’. He’ as seen by Dawe is conceived in his mother’s arms and stays honest, yet corrupted by society. The title is an analogy for individuals who freight boat through existence without setting aside the effort to consider whom they are and what they are doing. Regardless of whether it is individuals from a group, or fans rooting for a specific group, sports have consistently reinforced individuals of various foundations together with a shared objective. The manner in which players take an interest in a game and collaborate with colleagues assists with building the players self-character. Australians and their affection for sport is an ideal case of this.Bruce Dawe presents what he thinks the Australian viewpoint is in his sonnets. He suggests that Australia survives sport. That game is a religion and is revered. That game is in each obvious Aussies life from birth to death yet he additionally p ushes the point of view that there is some kind of problem with 1960’s Australian culture. Much obliged to you. They are naturally introduced to their adoration for a group or wear and tail it their whole life. A wide range of games or subjects are accustomed to unite total outsiders and in doing as such, help improve the manner in which individuals see one another or themselves.Sports are occasions that have been around in some structure or another for a long time. All through time, they have bit by bit advanced into their present state, and will most likely keep on being around for a considerable length of time to come. This is on the grounds that they generally have, and consistently will be a positive impact on society and people. One constructive factor of sports is the way that they draw individuals together. The viewpoint that Australians love sport is extremely clear and right since it is appeared from numerous points of view, similar to wear crusades at chools, at wo rking or any number of things. Bruce’s Dawe’s sonnet ‘Life-Cycle’ demonstrates this. Dawe is by all accounts saying there is something amiss with a general public that demands that material things, and the quest for cash to bear the cost of them, are significant. The long portrayal of what isn’t in the grave is planned to make the sensible point that none of those things are at last of any significance. Fledged individual from the futile way of life, fixated on status, totally untrustworthy, egotistical and heartless Ironically, Dawe’s remarks are very realistic.After the man’s demise, Dawe proceeds with the assault on a general public fixated on appearances, even to where the truth of death is bypassed and prettified. The body of the sonnet appears to assault the kind of shopper society that twentieth century man is fixated on. It manages, and follows the life of one delegate of this sort of society, and shows how from birth he is ada pted to acknowledge the materialistic norms of this general public. At the point when the kid has become a man he has lost the nature of ponder and turn into another completely

Argumentative Essay about Animal Testing

Argumentative essay is the type of academic assignment that allows students to express his opinion and persuade readers of it. Argumentative essay against animal testing is a complicated topic that requires research. The subject has been discussed for decades and there are a lot of examples of animals taken for experimenting with drugs or products. An assignment has to be unique as long as so many people have already expressed their thoughts. A writers task is to find an interesting angle and look at the topic from a fresh perspective. The core of animal testing argumentative essay is a description of how animals help to test various medications sold to people, what benefits and disadvantage it has, and whether it is morally acceptable in writers opinion. An assignment has to include examples of animals testing. Providing results of testing and evidence will make the paper look professional. The key element of writing a decent argumentative essay on the topic is to avoid getting very emotional. The audience may include people who do not care about animals, therefore, a sad story about poor animals that get tested and sometimes get harmed may sound distinctive. Connect emotionally with all readers and listeners. Including facts is another important detail. Also, a writer should remember that too much persuasion can prevent people from reading a paper. So, the assignment should be first of all interesting and informative. Structure of argumentative essay about animal testing you should use Animals for testing their reaction to drugs is a very wide topic. Therefore, a good essay requires a well-crafted and logical structure. Like any college paper, it should include introduction, body, and conclusion. A well-structured paper is easy to read. Students need to know how to format an essay to make it look professional. Lets take a closer look at all parts of an essay and see what each part should describe. Introduction. The first part of argumentative essay outline on animal testing. The first sentence should be a â€Å"catch†. Start with a question or quote because it always grabs readers’ attention and defines whether they want to continue reading or not. Provide background information so the readers understand that the topic is real and not just your fantasy. The background information is needed to answer the questions: â€Å"Why is it important?† â€Å"Who cares?† â€Å"Why is it a problem?† A thesis is what concludes introduction paragraph and sends readers to the biggest part of an essay that is the body where a writer gives detailed information on the topic and evaluates his own opinion. A thesis should clearly state an authors position on the subject. The main idea should also appear in other paragraphs to make readers remember the whole idea of an essay. Body. This is the largest part of an essay where a writer has to develop his argument and contradict the opponents view. One of the main tips on writing argumentative essay on animal testing is choosing a unique argument that a writer can prove and support with evidence. For example, a strong idea describes animal testing as a positive development in medicine which helps to create and provide new drugs for patients who suffer from serious illnesses. The refutation of the opponents opinion can be an explanation why human lives are more important than animal ones. A lot of people disagree with testing drugs and products such as cosmetics on animals and there are a lot of negative opinions regarding this issue. A strong contradiction may describe that animals do not have conscious this is why people are superior to animals. Some statistics prove that more people are willing to sacrifice animal lives in order to save human lives. Humans are the ones who study and develop projects, therefore, people work on saving animal lives. Without the human, a lot of animals would live on streets, had nothing to eat, and die from diseases. The body part has to include from two to three supporting evidence. This will allow you to prove that you have done profound research. Use statistics and quotation to prove your point. Do not be lazy to start a project in advance and make research. The more sources you review, the richer paper you will write. Make sure you have at least one day to learn more about the subject, come up with ideas for an essay, and look for information given by experts. The more time you devote to researching a topic, the better result you get. Conclusion. The last part of an essay requires a writer to achieve two goals. The first one restates the significance of the topic. Conclusion example of argumentative essay on animal testing can look this way: â€Å"Life cannot be perfect. Some have to give away to make something better. Animal testing should carry on as it provides significant results that benefit future lives of humans.† This concludes the whole paper and makes readers think about the outcome of your research. The conclusion should not be very opinionated because the audience may consist of people who totally support you and those who are just open-minded to read your thoughts. This was the standard format of argumentative essay on animal testing that can be modified up to your teacher requirements. Take notes during the research. Cite valuable sources. Do not forget to review the paper and make sure there are no grammar or spelling mistakes. If you have an opportunity to give your paper for someone to read, do it. There may be some errors that can be found and you may receive a good tip on improving your assignment. Five steps of writing the animal testing essay by yourself We decided to provide step-by-step essay writing guide. It should simplify the understanding of how to start the project and do not get frustrated if you do such a task for the first time. Read recommendations on how to write an argumentative essay on animal testing outline, where to look for ideas, what questions have to be answered, and how to create a thesis. Use any source of information that will give you ideas on creating a paper. Review books and magazines, take information from the Internet and search for ideas in books that are related to the topic of animal testing. Medical sources, statistics, and tests data will be the most helpful. Remember that an essay should answer three main questions: â€Å"Why is it important?† â€Å"What caused it?† and â€Å"What can we do about it?† Those questions will help you to come up with arguments and give supportive facts to make information valuable. Creating a thesis can be a difficult part of an essay. Regarding this topic, you may use the thesis that says â€Å"Animal testing helps to study the effects of substances†. Once the thesis is read, the readers will start questioning an authors view and even doubting it. Therefore, a writer should prepare many facts and statistics to prove that his idea is valuable. Follow the outline for argumentative essay on animal testing. This will make the paper logical and thought-out. The assignment will look professional and allow readers to follow your ideas without losing focus on the subject. Avoid using slang and jokes because this is a serious topic that requires you to be a professional. A top-notch essay should not include idiomatic expressions and slang. It worsens the assignment and does not do you well. Use formal language to show your respect for the audience. How to choose the right topic to make an essay sound spectacular? When you start writing animal testing argumentative essay, it is important to choose the topic that you have a good understanding of. The animal testing subject raises a lot of questions. Review the list of topics that can help you to describe the issue as well as possible and propose your solutions to a problem. Hopefully, you will come up with some interesting ideas that will make the reader agree with you. Why are medical tests on animals important? Why is cosmetics more important than animal lives? Do animal feelings get affected during testing? What sort of animals can be used for testing? Do people have to refuse taking drugs to save animal lives? Order a custom argumentative essay on the topic online Writing an argumentative essay for the first time can be a challenging task. Animal testing is not an ordinary subject. Therefore, it requires deep research, finding facts, and the ability to contradict them and prove that your own idea has the right to be heard and taken into consideration. By ordering a custom essay on this complicated issue, a student has a chance to learn how to write an argumentative essay on animal testing and get a high grade. Professional writing assistance is the key to learn how to create various types of college papers and succeed.

Amu Quiz 1- Math 302 Essay - 1509 Words

Part 1 of 1 - 20.0 Points Question 1 of 20 1.0 Points If a variable has possible values –2, 6, and 17, then this variable is A. both a continuous and a discrete variable B. a continuous variable C. neither a continuous nor a discrete variable D. a discrete variable Answer Key: D 1.0 Points Question 2 of 20 Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between a sample and a population? A. A population and a sample are not related. B. A sample is a group of subjects selected from a population to be studied. C. A sample is a group of populations that are subject to observation. D. A population is a group of samples that may or may not be included in a study Answer Key: B†¦show more content†¦Do not use a dollar sign. Note: $177,760 should be recorded as 177.76. 172.34 Answer Key: 171.25|173.50 Question 15 of 20 1.0 Points CEOSalaries.xls 14 KB The following data are the base salaries, in thousands of dollars, of 50 chief executive officers for a sample of companies doing business with the state of Connecticut. That is, the first entry in the table below corresponds to a salary of $125,000. A copy of this data set can be found in the Excel Workbook called CEOSalaries.xls. Use these data to answer questions 14 through 17. 125 157 113 127 201 165 145 119 148 158 148 168 117 105 136 136 125 148 108 178 179 191 225 204 104 205 197 119 209 157 209 205 221 178 247 235 217 222 224 187 265 148 165 228 239 245 152 148 115 150 Find the median of the CEO salaries, in thousands of dollars, rounded to 2 decimal places. Do not use a dollar sign. Note: $177,760 should be recorded as 177.76. 165 Answer Key: 160.00|170.00 Question 16 of 20 1.0 Points CEOSalaries.xls 14 KB The following data are the base salaries, in thousands of dollars, of 50 chief executive officers for a sample of companies doing business with the state of Connecticut. That is, the first entry in the table below corresponds to a salary of $125,000. A copy of this data set can be found in the Excel

Teacher and National Development - 5005 Words

LITERATURE REVIEW It is a known fact today that, there is fall, degradation, lost of value in the nation. There is increase in level of immorality, crime, self centeredness e.t.c which slows down the pace of national development. Many people attributed this to our system of education as people say ‘No nation can grow above the level of her education’. This is to bring to light the significant of the correlation between the three key concepts ‘Education’ ‘Teacher’ and ‘National Development’. EDUCATION Education in its broadest, general sense is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of people lives on from one generation to the next. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one†¦show more content†¦The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools. Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school. Secondary school In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, post-secondary, or higher education (e.g. university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary educationShow MoreRelated I Teach Therefore I Can Essay examples1478 Words   |  6 PagesTherefore I Can George Bernard Shaw wrote that â€Å"He who can, does. He who cannot, teaches.† Based on this statement, Shaw was either able to do everything or was a poor teacher. A teacher must be able to do and then teach it to others. In order to do this, a teacher must first obtain the skills him/herself. Teachers have the responsibility of providing their students with the skills necessary for success later in life, and the most essential skills are the ability to read and write. 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Moreover, the correlation of National board for ProfessionalRead MoreChoosing A English / Language Arts Preparation Programs995 Words   |  4 Pagesincorporate language into instruction, and the ability to plan instruction that reflects curriculum integration and interdisciplinary methods (National Council of Teachers of English and National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education Programs, 2010). A lack of substantial amount of research exists on teacher education for preparing new teachers for classroom instruction in reading. Educator preparation program course textbooks present an overarching instructional content that includesRead MoreElementary Education Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesEducation: Shaping the Minds of the Future Kayla Lovell Composition II Ms. Reed 22 January 2012 Outline Thesis: Elementary teachers may not have highest income, but they have one of the most fulfilling careers. 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Although, research does not find a positiveRead MoreEven though Zimbabwe has the highest literacy rates in Africa, the high school pass rate remains at1600 Words   |  7 Pagesexperienced significant educational developments with the building of more schools in marginalized communities, establishment of teacher training colleges, and availability of educational resources. Consequently, school enrollment from 1980 to 1990 increased by 72% courtesy of the â€Å"education for all by 2000† policy (Shizha Kariwo, 2011). Unfortunately, increasing the number of schools and teachers only improved the enrollment, but not the pass rate in the national General Certificate of Secondary

Technical and Environmental Performance

Question: Discuss about the Technical and Environmental Performance. Answer: Introduction: Jetstar airways organization is a member of Qantas Group that offers low cost airline of Australia. Jetstar airways carry approximately 8.5% of the Australian passengers in and out of the country Australia (Jetstar.com. 2017). The airline is operating extensive regional network with the domestic and international services from its headquarter at Melbourne Airport. Like Quantas, a Jetstar airway competes with Virgin Australia. However, the organization has owned the low cost subsidiary of Tigerair Australia. The discussion states about the target market of the organization. The discussion discussed about the SWOT analysis also. The organization has some legal compliance issues that need to be solved. Jetstar airways have some trends with future challenges that are discussed. The assignment discussed about the model triple bottom line that is related with the topic and organization. As the organization provides flights of low cost, they target on the leisure travellers as well as on the business travellers also. However, the main target of the organization is to enter in the international market of tourism and make a strong position globally. They offer different discount offers for their passengers. They focus on both the business markets and consumers. According to Lucarelli (2014), 65% travellers travel for the leisure whereas 31% travellers travel for the business purpose and 4% travel for the other reasons. They are trying to send their flights in other regional areas to increase the profit and also try to raise the target market (Arjomandi and Seufert 2014). SWOT analysis: Strength 1. Low fair 2. Compete on the price rather than the value 3. Frequent market reach 4. Reasonable share market 5.Customer guarantee and price programs 6. Existing value chain Weakness 1. Negative brand equity 2. Competes with parent brand company 3. Competing only on price, do not focus on the value 4. Customer dissatisfaction 5. High cancellation of tickets Opportunities 1. Millennial market 2. Digital wallets 3. Technology utilization Organizational efficiency Threats 1. Strong competitors 2. Rising fuel costs 3. Terrorism 4. Global conflict Table 1: SWOT ANALYSIS of Jetstar Airlines (Source: Yin, Dargusch and Halog2015) From the above table, it is clear that the organization has various strengths and opportunities as well as has various weakness and threats. Jetstar airways need to overcome the weakness and threats to make a strong position in the international market. Legal compliance issues: Fair Work Ombudsman took action against Jetstar airways for engaging allegedly trainee pilots. The main allegation is that the organization is breaching the workplace laws by engaging the trainee pilots. According to Whyte and Lohmann (2015), in between 2010 to 2011, six trainee pilots were appointed that is revealed in the Federal court. The trainees are recruited on contract basis. Moreover, cadet pilots reimbursed allegedly Jetstar airways total o $ 17500 in between Jun and September 2011. However the organization did not pay the superannuation at the time of training period. The triple bottom has various components like economic, social and environment. Economic: in between 2008 to 2016, the growth of economic was slow because of the international oil fluctuation. Another reason for which economic growth became slow is airline flight crashes. However, Jetstar airways tried to get the market requirement internationally so that the economic growth can raise (Homsombat, Lei and Fu 2014). Social: the market analysis states that in 2015 the consumer number was increased. Jetstar airways are offering new employments to new trainees. Environment: Jetstar airways have various environmental benefits that have a good impact on the growth of market. Because of strong environmental support to Jetstar airways in Australia, the company can make a strong physical place in the international market. Trends of the Jetstar Airlines: The previous trend of the organization was that the organization gave air flights to holiday destination places and they offer discount offer to the leisure consumers. Jetstar airways gave various discount offers to their consumers like to the single and couples. Another discount they provide to the families and business employees. The recent trend of the organization is that Jetstar airline gave air flights to business consumers and leisure consumer. They provide discount on regional flights. The recent trend can affect the economic situation of Jetstar airline (Yin, Dargusch and Halog2015). It is hopeful that, the organization tends to focus on value and quality with price. The organization needs to raise the price of air flights in future to improve economic situation. The management system of Jetstar airline is trying to make various plans to improve market reputation and economic growth. Future challenges with recommendations: As Jetstar airline is focusing on low price only instead of value and quality, this can make a great challenge of future. Competitors of the organization focus on value and quality of flights. Economic condition of Jetstar airline decreases day by day that can be a major threat in future (Henriques and Richardson 2013). Jetstar airline needs to recruit professional pilots instead of trainee pilots. Raising price of oils with fuel may affect particular targeted customers. Prices of the flights need to be raised to decrease loss (Bamber et al. 2013). However, Jetstar airline has different scopes to evolve again and retain the market position in the global market. Arjomandi and Seufert (2014) stated that the organization needs promotion of the offers and plan, they provide in the global market and should win the customers trust he again. Conclusion It can be concluded; on the basis of the discussion that Jetstar airline retained a strong physical place in the global market. The social and the economical situation of this organization is falling day by day. Therefore, Jetstar airline faces loss. Jetstar airline use the social media for promoting their plans and may give attractive and catchy offers to customers so that the economic situation can be raised. Recruiting new pilots need to be checked that can affect Jetstar airlines. Qantas Group needs to be responsible during recruiting pilots. These kinds of conflicts provide chances to opponents for evolving fast. References: Arjomandi, A. and Seufert, J.H., 2014. An evaluation of the world's major airlines' technical and environmental performance.Economic Modelling,41, pp.133-144. Bamber, G.J., Gittell, J.H., Kochan, T.A. and Von Nordenflycht, A., 2013.Up in the air: How airlines can improve performance by engaging their employees. Cornell University Press. Henriques, A. and Richardson, J. eds., 2013.The triple bottom line: Does it all add up. Routledge. Homsombat, W., Lei, Z. and Fu, X., 2014. Competitive effects of the airlines-within-airlines strategyPricing and route entry patterns.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,63, pp.1-16. Jetstar.com. 2017. Flights | Jetstar. [online] Available at: https://www.jetstar.com/sg/en/flights [Accessed 15 Jan. 2017]. Lucarelli, G., 2014. The corporate strategy of Qantas Airways. A case study. Whyte, R. and Lohmann, G., 2015. The carrier-within-a-carrier strategy: An analysis of Jetstar.Journal of Air Transport Management,42, pp.141-148. Yin, K.S., Dargusch, P. and Halog, A., 2015. An analysis of the greenhouse gas emissions profile of airlines flying the Australian international market.Journal of Air Transport Management,47, pp.218-229.

Poetry Unit 2000 Essays - American Cuisine, Connacht, Galway

Poetry Unit 2000 Poetry Unit 2000 LIMERICK There once was a kid named Darren, Who's room was surprisingly barren, He had no toys, Like all normal boys, But he did believe in sharing. There once was an old man named Esser, Whose knowledge grew lesser and lesser, It at last grew so small He knew nothing at all, And now he's a college professor. HAIKU Morning light appears The new day has awoken Nature stirs and sighs Spirits haunt my dreams Skeletons muffle my screams Night as black as death EPIGRAM The days become months and those become years, Only memories remain of both joy and tears. The screams the cries and the pain, All of this goes on in one's brain. PARODY Galway Bay Maybe some day I'll go back again to Ireland If my dear old wife would only pass away She nearly has my heart broke with all her naggin She's got a mouth as big as Galway Bay See her drinking sixteen pints of pabst blue ribbon And then she can walk home without a sway If the sea were beer instead of salty water She'd live and die in Galway Bay See her drinking sixteen pints at Padgo Murphey's The barman says I think it's time to go Well she doesn't try to speak to him in Gaelic In a language that the clergy do not know On her back she has tattooed a map of Ireland And when she takes her bath on Saturday She rubs the sunlight soap around by Claddagh Just watch the suds flow down by Galway Bay. IMITATION Happy and Gay May one day I'll go back again to my homeland, If only faster time will pass away, It's been many years and now its dragging, That's the only time I'll be happy and gay. See myself drinking six doses of bourbon And then I linger about and sway If instead I could have plain water That's when I'll be happy and gay. See myself drinking doses after doses The doctor says to take it slow Well I try to speak to him about this In any possible way I know. On my back is a map of my homeland And when the day will finally arrive Ill be running and dancing and singing Knowing only the right place to survive. BALLAD Who Threw The Golf Balls In My. Friends Chowder? My friends gave a party just about a week ago, Everything was plentiful because they're not too slow, They treated us like guests and we tried to act the same, And only what happened next was an awful shame. Who threw the golf balls in their chowder? Nobody spoke so we shouted all the louder, It's a little trick but we'll catch the guys that threw, The golf balls in my friends chowder. When they were cleaning the dish of chowder, they fainted on the spot. They found a set of golf balls at the bottom of the pot. The neighbors got very mad with their eyes bulging out. They stood upon the stand and loudly did they shout. They took the balls from out of the soup and laid them on the floor. Each of us swore that we'd ne'er seen them before. They were packed up with morter and were worn to the knee. Only for what happened then it was just too sad to see. When they came to, they began to cry and shout. They had put them in the wash that day and forgot to take them out. The fellow neighbors excused themselves for what they said that night So we put music to the words and sang with all our might. Poetry Essays

Free Essays on Cokes History

The Coca-Cola company started out as an insignificant one man business and over the last one hundred and ten years it has grown into one of the largest companies in the world. The first operator of the company was Dr. John Pemberton and the current operator is Roberto Goizueta. Without societies help, Coca-Cola could not have become over a 50 billion dollar business. Coca-Cola was invented by Dr. John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist. He concocted the formula in a three legged brass kettle in his backyard on May 8, 1886. He mixed a combination of lime, cinnamon, coca leaves, and the seeds of a Brazilian shrub to make the fabulous beverage. Coca-Cola debuted in Atlanta's largest pharmacy, Jacob's Pharmacy, as a five cent non-carbonated beverage. Later on, the carbonated water was added to the syrup to make the beverage that we know today as Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola was originally used as a nerve and brain tonic and a medical elixir. Coca-Cola was named by Frank Robinson, one of Pemberton's close friends, he also penned the famous Coca-Cola logo in unique script. Dr. John Pemberton sold a portion of the Coca-Cola company to Asa Candler, after Pemberton's death the remainder was sold to Candler. Pemberton was forced to sell because he was in a state of poor health and was in debt. He had paid $76.96 for advertising, but he only made $50.00 in profits. Candler acquired the whole company for $2,300. Candler achieved a lot during his time as owner of the company. On January 31, 1893, the famous Coca-Cola formula was patented. He also opened the first syrup manufacturing plant in 1884. His great achievement was large scale bottling of Coca-Cola in 1899. In 1915, The Root Glass Company made the contour bottle for the Coca-Cola company. Candler aggressively advertised Coca-Cola in newspapers and on billboards. In the newspapers, he would give away coupons for a free Coke at any fountain. Coca-Cola was sold after the Prohibition Era t... Free Essays on Cokes History Free Essays on Cokes History The Coca-Cola company started out as an insignificant one man business and over the last one hundred and ten years it has grown into one of the largest companies in the world. The first operator of the company was Dr. John Pemberton and the current operator is Roberto Goizueta. Without societies help, Coca-Cola could not have become over a 50 billion dollar business. Coca-Cola was invented by Dr. John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist. He concocted the formula in a three legged brass kettle in his backyard on May 8, 1886. He mixed a combination of lime, cinnamon, coca leaves, and the seeds of a Brazilian shrub to make the fabulous beverage. Coca-Cola debuted in Atlanta's largest pharmacy, Jacob's Pharmacy, as a five cent non-carbonated beverage. Later on, the carbonated water was added to the syrup to make the beverage that we know today as Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola was originally used as a nerve and brain tonic and a medical elixir. Coca-Cola was named by Frank Robinson, one of Pemberton's close friends, he also penned the famous Coca-Cola logo in unique script. Dr. John Pemberton sold a portion of the Coca-Cola company to Asa Candler, after Pemberton's death the remainder was sold to Candler. Pemberton was forced to sell because he was in a state of poor health and was in debt. He had paid $76.96 for advertising, but he only made $50.00 in profits. Candler acquired the whole company for $2,300. Candler achieved a lot during his time as owner of the company. On January 31, 1893, the famous Coca-Cola formula was patented. He also opened the first syrup manufacturing plant in 1884. His great achievement was large scale bottling of Coca-Cola in 1899. In 1915, The Root Glass Company made the contour bottle for the Coca-Cola company. Candler aggressively advertised Coca-Cola in newspapers and on billboards. In the newspapers, he would give away coupons for a free Coke at any fountain. Coca-Cola was sold after the Prohibition Era t...

Natchez Indian Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Natchez Indian Culture - Research Paper Example The many traditional rituals of the Natchez people are considered â€Å"primitive and brutal† and like many other Indian tribes, the Natchez people were sun worshippers, who held on strongly to the belief that their chiefs were descended from the sun. The Natchez lived in about 6-9 villages spoke their native Natchez language, a language that has been long lost. The inhabited area of the Natchez was sought after to be colonized by the English, Spanish and the French. Research pleaded that a total of four wars broke out between the Natchez and the French between 1716 and 1729. The first three appropriately termed, first, second and third Natchez war whilst the fourth one was called the Natchez Rebellion of 1729. The Natchez Rebellion was caused by French Commander Sieur de Chepart’s order to the villagers from the White Apple Natchez Village to vacate the land so he may use it as a tobacco plantation. Presently, surviving Natchez families and communities can be found dis persed in Oklahoma and the Appalachian mountains. Natchez Indian Culture The Natchez Indians were amongst the last of the Native American populous to make a home on Mississippi’s southwestern borders (Barnett, 2007). ... This â€Å"Sun† lives across from the temple, in a big adobe constructed house atop a platform mound, which the Natchez people are famous for constructing. Living close to him, is the single most important person in his life; his Principle Advisor-his mother. She is referred to as a white woman in the Natchez culture, she dwells close to the â€Å"The Great Sun† with her other children. This â€Å"family†, is considered the highest class in the Natchez Society. Nonetheless, despite being an indigenous tribe, the Natchez Indians share distinct similarities to the southeastern Indian tribes, such as being separated into two moieties as they call it. Moitie is the French word which means â€Å"half†. Moieties provide marriage partners for each other as well as other support services. Like today’s societal classing, one moiety of the Natchez tribe is considered superior or of a more established ranking than the other moiety. The Natchez were known for t heir mass cultivation of agriculture which was their main livelihood, but they also excelled at architecture and pottery, which seem to be the basics behind their mound building. â€Å"Mounds† are erected from dirt which acts as a base for their temples and other dwellings. To augment such skillfulness, they also wove textile fabrics from the inner barks of mulberry which they used for clothing. Authors Orin Lewis and Laura Redish (1998) described the dress code of the men as breechcloths and leggings. The breechcloth is a piece of cloth made of deer skin, cloth or fur which is worn between the legs that is tucked over a belt. It doesn’t cover the legs so the men wore leggings made from buckskin or soft leather, whilst the women wore wrap skirts made from

The Best Airline in the United Kingdom and Europe Research Paper

The Best Airline in the United Kingdom and Europe - Research Paper Example The airline schedules are today subjected to strict regulatory measures, which limits the flying time across Europe as a whole. To remain viable in the market, British airways must implement security and regulatory measures as stipulated by the control acts. The level of security measures that an airline puts in place also influences customer confidence and trust. Consequentially, British Airways must enforce the political security regulatory measures that are put in place by global airline control (O’Connell & Williamson, 2011). A number of economic events in the global market have also affected the performance and vibrancy of the airline industry. For example, the global economic crisis of 2008 affected a number of businesses based in the United Kingdom, which further reduced the level of airline schedules. The growth of the industry following this crisis has not significantly picked up and is currently pegged at 2% yearly. Apart from the global financial crunch, the dwindling strength of the euro has also had a significant bearing on the performance of the airline sector (Punzel, 2011). The euro has continued to weaken against the pound and this has affected the performance of British Airways. To mitigate the challenges created by the meltdown, most businesses and individuals in the United Kingdom and the United States have cut down on their spending and travels, a situation that has affected the performance of the airline. The high cost of fuels, which has led to an increase in the cost of air travel, has also forced companies to adopt other cheaper alternatives such as teleconferencing (Balmer, Stuart & Greyser, 2009).

Environmental and Ecological Issues in Robyn Eckersley’s Perspective Essay Example for Free

Environmental and Ecological Issues in Robyn Eckersley’s Perspective Essay Robyn Eckersley, a renowned environmentalist believes that ecocentric theorists do not claim that anthropocentrism is the sole or original cause of the ecological crisis. She also reflects that environmental crisis is the outcome of humanity’s joyful and spontaneous instincts due to repressive social and psychic division of labor. As a matter of fact, she contends to the idea that it is the rise of material paradigms that people are in need of reconciliation with nature. She notes that utilitarianism in its very state undermined the essence of the environment which is why the veil of knowledge worn by the society is covering them thus colonizing the life-world. Eckersley examined the deontology of ethics inclined with the aim of making the recent topographical shifts within the field that are less â€Å"unknown to us (Eckersley). † To note, she states â€Å"utilitarian and eudaimonistic or therefore theological moral philosophy derives difference between good and evil from the effects which actions and attributes by nature have for the form of life of the actor and his environment (Louden). † In further illustration, she meant that the good deeds can conveyed as those that are considerably favorable effects for human welfare, while those that bring about the opposite are otherwise. Hence, this connotation also falls on the deliberative state of intuitive and formalistic ethics. Although Eckersley favors a rights discourse as a way to include the natural world in a liberal system, she admits that, â€Å"†¦the rights discourse becomes considerably strained (in all its dimensions) when we come to consider ecological entities (Eckersley). † She defines multiple human activities to be the cumulative result of the ecosystem’s components and that today’s approach towards this epidemic will not ensure sustainability. In essence, she is not against any form human-driven doings; however, she is not favor of the manner that it handles the resources that in the light provides for the very existence of human beings. The harvesting of the planet’s resources is seen to be detrimental to the future of the ecosystem and if such is prolonged, survival will be provided only for the few. Socialist critique of liberalism in comparison with the ecological state will differ in terms of morality and the deontology of ethics. It is apparent that not all deeds are the same when it comes to utilitarianism, sometimes, the ecosystem, being unable to air its share of sentiments, id reprimanded and oftentimes taken for granted (Rice). Humans are subject to care for those of its kind and the environment is not considered to be a part of it. In consequence, such is an irony, given that the human beings live and survive with the help of a healthy ecosystem—without the ecosystem, the members of the society will not be able to live. Policies, regulations and management may have changed over time. If compared to the previous century where not all are aware of the threat and the challenge of sustainability, the contemporary era now gives regard to narrowing the problems and eradicate or at least moderate in the utilization of resources provided that there is a massive chance that it may no longer be available in the next 100 years. The signs of climate change is a proof that laws would need to focus on combining good deeds not only for the people that it serves but also to detain the precautionary measures that may possibly harm the humanity.Accordingly guidance is considered necessary on the position of ecosystem mechanism that may be at risk (Rice). Works Cited Eckersley, Robyn. Liberal Democracy and the Rights of Nature: The Struggle for Inclusion. Environmental Politics 4. 4 (1995). Louden, Robert B. Toward a Genealogy of Deontology. Journal of the History of Philosophy 34. 4 (1996). Rice, Jake. Can We Manage Ecosystems in a Sustainable Way? A symposium on Sustainable Management of Marine Living Resources 60. 1-2 (2008). doi:10. 1016/j. seares. 2008. 02. 002.

World War II :: World War II History

World War II The Treaty of Versailles faltered to heal the bitter mess that formed between countries in World War I. It left Germany in a terrible position and gave them a desire for dictatorship. Germany had been ordered to disarm its military and put strict rules on when and how the Germans could rearm. In 1931, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. He later rejected the treaty and establish military conscription. Mussolini also became dictator of Italy, while this was occurring. He decided to invade Ethiopia in 1935. Since Ethiopia had lesser power than that of Italy's, they became under complete Italian control. The news of Germany's rearmament soon reached France. Hitler then became interested in joining the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in order to protect its security. He then pushed his plan for lebensraum and annexed Austria by force in 1938. Following this, Hitler threatened Czechoslovakia, ordering persecution of the German minorities there. Hitler and Mussolini agreed to the Germans occupation of Sudentenland in September 1938. Then in March 1939, peace broke down when Hitler conquered the rest of Czechoslovakia. He soon afterward started to make orders to Poland, but they resisted at every turn. Notwithstanding the conflict with Britain and France, Hitler decided to invade Poland. In return, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939. Hitler made an announcement to start a pact with the Soviet Union. As the Germans occupied Poland, the Soviets invaded the eastern part of the country with plans to take Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania in 1940. They also took Finland in 1941 and disgrace the Russian military. Japan was also changing things in the Pacific. They had plans to conquer China and expand the Japanese Empire into southeast Asia. As this was happening, the Germans took on an approach of blitzkrieg, or lightening war. Since the Germans had no old weapons to deal with, they could easily outfit their troops with the best of weapons. Hitler then attempted to gain air control over the British Royal Air Force and prepare for an invasion, but the British successfully defeated the German air forces. Overturned with his downfall to take Britain, Hitler turned to the Soviet front, but was defeated as well in 1942. In 1941, the Japanese thought it was the right time to expand into Greater East Asia. The attacks on Pearl Harbor and the Philippines brought the United States into the war and turned the war for the Allies.

Assessment in Special Education Essay

Abstract Sometimes the general education program alone is not able to meet the needs of a child with disabilities, and he/she may be able to receive special education services. The evaluation process can be a very difficult task when trying to identify if the child qualifies for special education, schools often have a pre-referral intervention process. The most prominent approached used today is the â€Å"response-to-Intervention† or RTI. Special Education teachers face many challenges when trying to meet the needs of special needs students in their classrooms. Methods of evaluation are a big concern and challenge for educators of special needs students today. In addition, meeting everyone’s needs is a difficult task to accomplish because of students’ diverse abilities in the classroom. This research paper will explore the different methods of assessment in special education programs and the best practices to help this children achieve their potential in an appropriate setting. Testing and assessment is an ongoing process with children in special education programs. Some of these assessments include, developmental assessments, screening tests, individual intelligence tests, individual academic achievement tests, adaptive behavior scales, behavior rating scales, curriculum-based assessments, end-of-grade, end-of-course, and alternate assessments. Comprehensive assessment of individual students requires the use of multiple data sources. These sources may also include standardized tests, informal measures, observations, student self-reports, parent reports, and progress monitoring data from response-to-intervention (RTI) approaches (NJCLD, 2005). The main purpose of a comprehensive assessment in the special education field is to accurately identify the strengths and needs of the students to help them be successful during their school years and there after. Legislation has played a big role in the shift towards functional assessment. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act is also known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act has played a big role in this matter. The IDEA legislation â€Å"needed to assure that students with disabilities receive free appropriate public education (FAPE) and the related services and support the need to achieve† (Jeffords 1). IDEA was created to make sure that disabled children are receiving fair and equal education and support. This act has several parts to it which include providing grants, funds early intervention services, and supports research and professional development programs. The No Child Left Behind Act: Impact on the Assessment of Special Education Student. After the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) moved into our schools there is a great deal of controversy that questions whether the act implemented by President George W. Bush is helping or hurting an already suffering school system. There are many dimensions of the NCLB act that have been questioned over the past decade; the fair assessment of students with disabilities is one of them. As the National Center for Fair & Open Testing (NCFOT) reported, the public relations aspect of this act is strong. Prior to the Individuals with Disability Education Act of 1997 (IDEA) students in special education were exempt from participating in the statewide testing. However, the IDEA advocated that all students including those with special learning difficulties should be able to participate in testing. (Cahalan, 2003). Legislative Overview of Laws Protecting Special Education Students On January 8, 2002, President George W. Bush signed the NCLB act. In this act the federal government was for the first time in the history of the Department of Education putting an act into effect that would penalize schools that failed to meet adequate yearly progress (AYP). The AYP is a measuring system in which the federal government will look at the progress of the local government and school systems to decide whether or not that school, along with its teachers and students, has progressed and provided a high-quality education (Goldhaber, 2002). Through the NCLB act schools are held accountable for failing test scores and failure to improve their class average from one year to the next. The longer the school fails to meet required scores, the more the school will be held accountable, and the greater the consequence. For instance, a school that is unable to make their desired AYP and has not improved a significant amount within five years will then be subject to reconstruction. This reconstruction could include the government completely taking over the school and hiring new teachers and  teacher staff, leaving many teachers and staff unemployed (Goldhaber, 2002). Teachers and students in the special education department do have some laws however that helps them make testing less stressful. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 required that accommodations must be made for students with learning disabilities in order to be able to participate in the assessment (Cahalan, 2003). However, this leaves the question of what can be used as accommodations. Accommodations could include things such as test schedules and setting of the test, along with the format of the presentation. Also used to help the special education students and teachers is the individualized education plan (IEP). The Individuals with Disabilities Educational Act (IDEA) of 1991 would set into effect the idea of an IEP. An IEP is a plan that is set by a group of individuals that work closely with the student to design the educational format that is most appropriate for him/her (Cahalan, 2003). This does not take into account the type of disorder the student has but simply the student themselves. The individualized attention that is given with this plan provides the student with the correct instruction needed to be successful in education. These groups of individuals include the teacher, parent, school psychologist and anyone else that is closely related to the education of this student. The IEP members are, in most states, responsible in deciding which accommodations are important for each individual student (Cahalan, 2003). They, however, are not a part of deciding what accommodations will be provided for each student during the NCLB assessment. The laws described here were all implemented with the same goal in mind; to protect special education students and be sure their quality of education is the same as all other students. However some of these laws, including the NCLB, must be altered in order to truly give special needs students the education and assessment they deserve. Best Practices in Assessment of Special Education Students Students in special education programs should be included in the statewide assessments, as the IDEA of 1997 states. The IDEA also states that accommodations should be made to be sure that the student is able to fully understand the materials they are asked (Cahalan, 2003). There are four categories of test accommodations, presentation, response, timing, and  setting (Cahalan, 2003). Presentation is simply visual aids that help the student fully understand the context. These do not alter the questions of the test; they simply make it accessible for the students. Presentation accommodations include Braille, large-print, sign language interpreter, or reducing the number of questions per page (Cahalan, 2003). These simple accommodations make test taking less stressful, and therefore the material is better understandable by the student. However, no state has reported using them in their statewide assessments since the inception of the NCLB. In a study of over one thousand students it was found that using a video presentation to help understand the test showed a significant increase in their achievement (Cahalan, 2003). So why is the educational department not using these modifications that help so much? Another form of accommodation used in special education testing is response. It may be as simple as giving an oral response instead of a written one or it may mean that the test is dictated to the student by a recorder. These accommodations in no way alters the response that is given or received, it is still the same question being asked. Results have shown that by providing a reader special education students showed a significant improvement in their test score (Cahalan, 2003). The last two accommodations are setting and timing. The timing could include any extra time needed, breaks during the exam, or spreading the testing out through a few days instead of taking it all in one day. And the final accommodation is setting, which could include special furniture, lighting, or an individualized testing area (Cahalan, 2003). Even though there was no evidence to prove that setting and timing are important accommodations, it is well known that many special education students are tested in private rooms with more time. These accommodations should be accessible for special education students that need them to better their test taking skills. However, many states do not allow such accommodations to be made due to the misconceived conception that they change the contents of the test when in actuality they do not in any way alter the questions asked. BEST PRACTICES IN ASSESSMENT HANDOUT †¢Create a shared mission and goals statement that reflects an emphasis on student learning. †¢Focus on collaboration and teamwork. Faculty members must agree on assessment goals for planning to be meaningful. They may have to rise to a higher level of collaboration than may have been traditionally practiced in most departments. Collaboration within the department, across departments, and with higher administration will facilitate the best outcomes from assessment planning. All constituents must recognize that assessment skills must be developed and that colleagues can assist each other by sharing practices and strategies. †¢Clarify the purpose of assessment. Assessment can serve dual purposes: Assessment can promote student learning or provide evidence for accountability requirements through an evaluation of strengths and weaknesses. Wherever possible, students should experience a direct, positive benefit from their participation in assessment activities. †¢Identify clear, measurable, and developmental student learning †¢OUTCOMES. Explicit identification of learning expectations facilitates the department’s coherence about their GOALS. Sharing those expectations explicitly with students can provide an effective learning scaffold on which students can build their experiences and render effective performance. †¢Use multiple MEASURES and sources consistent with resources. Effective assessment planning can only occur when properly supported with appropriate time, money, and recognition for good work. The expansiveness of the assessment plan will depend on those resources. As resources permit, additional MEASURES can be added to planning. These MEASURES address variations in learning style, differences in types of learning, and interests from varied stakeholders. †¢Implement continuous assessment with clear, manageable timelines. Better assessment practice involves spreading out assessment activity throughout the year and across years rather than conducting a marathon short-term assessment effort in a single year. Projecting a schedule of regular formal reviews can facilitate appropriate interim activity. †¢Help students succeed on assessment tasks. Students will fare best in assessment activities when faculty make expectations explicit, provide detailed instructions, and offer samples or models of successful performance. They will benefit most with opportunities to practice prior to assessment and when given detailed feedback about the quality of their performance. †¢Interpret and use assessment results appropriately. Assessment should be a stimulus for growth, renewal, and improvement, not an action that generates data to ensure positive outcomes. Linking funding to assessment outcomes may encourage artificial results. Assessment data should not be used for personnel decisions. If cross-institution comparisons are inevitable, care should be taken to ensure comparisons across comparable institutions (benchmarking). †¢Evaluate your assessment practices. Results from assessment activity should be evaluated to address their reliability, validity, and utility. Poor student performance can reflect limited learning or an ill-designed assessment process. Examining how effectively the assessment strategy meets departmental needs is a critical step in the evolution of the department plan. (Retrieved from www. caspercollege. edu/assessment/downloads/best_practices. pdf) The Effect of NCLB Assessments on Special Education Programs When the Department of Education was asked how they intend to insure that special education students will not be forced to take tests that are above their intelligence level under the NCLB act, they could not give a real solution. They simply said that there are accommodations available, and if the student’s disability is severe to the point that the accommodations will not help, there are alternate tests they can take (Education Week, 2003). However, the problem with this is that there is no clear definition as to who is able to receive these accommodations and who is able to receive the alternate assessment. Who decides this? And how handicapped must a student be in order to receive an alternate assessment? Even though special education students are not at the same intelligence level as their peers they are still placed in the same test group as them. The NCLB act does not include in its AYP percentage the failing percentage rate of special education students in each given population. Therefore, teachers and school administration are trying to make up for the percentage loss in special education departments. Some teachers are now, for the first time, being held accountable for failing test scores. This, in effect, causes teachers to alter their curriculum and teach to the test? (Goldhaber, 2002). By teaching to the test students are missing out on important curriculum information that may be overlooked completely or presented in short educational lecture in the middle of teaching test taking skills and other information that may be found on the assessments. Possible Improvement to the Assessment and Accountability. To improve the NCLB act we must first know what is wrong with the act. While the idea of leaving no child behind in education is a good plan, there are still a few loop holes that the president’s act needs to clear up. The students that are placed in the special education setting are usually there because they have a disability or are below average in their cognitive abilities. In order to be fair to these students the government must be sure that they have the same quality education as all other students, but the government must also realize that the curriculum of the material they are learning may in some cases be drastically different. With this knowledge, it must then be known that to accurately and fairly assess special education students the assessments must be built with the correct accommodations. In order for this to happen, those who design the tests must develop an exam that meets the needs of the student, and not the needs of the disorder. In other words, do not test a student as an autistic child but first look at their individual advantages and disadvantages according to each test taking skill. Some students may simply need more time, while others will need more time along with a person to read to them and interpret some larger word usage. It is all based on the student’s individual needs (Cahalan, 2003). In other words the decisions of the accommodations should be made by people that know the student on a personal level, and know what accommodations are present in their current education setting. As stated before, with some assessments the IEP will meet to determine what accommodations will be made for the students in that assessment, However, this is not the case in the NCLB assessments; but it should be. Those who are teaching and raising the child should be a part of the process of determining how the child is assessed and what accommodations are necessary (Washington, 2003). It is important for the education of future special education students that the Department of Education take into consideration the possible reforms that were suggested by many local government and teachers surrounding them. Improvements can be made to the assessment of special education, and should be made to be sure that all students are receiving a fair and adequate education. Disproportionate identification of minorities in some special education categories: When speaking of the learning disabled, minorities, one must consider some dimensions to the issue of assessment within a particularly specialized light. This special population reflects both the learning disabled (LD) and the minority that they belong to. This is largely the case within a practical context, although as the literature points out, pre-considerations must be afforded for minority students. To begin with, it is important to look at the many variables that exist within the aforementioned components. These components include English as a Second Language (ESL), socioeconomic level and finally the impact this has on teaching the learning disabled in a classroom setting and more specifically when employing the assistance of a translator. Curriculum-based assessment is hampered with some biases that can affect these students (Dolson, 1984). A child’s race and ethnicity significantly influence the child’s probability of being misidentified, misclassified, and inappropriately placed in special education programs. Research shows the relationship between race and ethnicity and other variables for students’ placement in special education classes. Variables such as language, poverty, assessment practices, systemic issues, and professional development opportunities for teachers have been cited as factors that play a role in disproportionate representation (emstac. org). Children from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds should be able to receive an excellent and appropriate education. Some students are not included in special education programs, even though they have a disability that is affecting their ability to learn and they need special education help. Some CLD populations are also significantly under-represented in programs for the gifted and/or talented. In these instances, CLD groups are considered under-represented because the proportion of students from certain ethnic or racial groups who receive special services are significantly less than the number of these same students in the overall school population (U. S. Department of Education, 2004). Facts: †¢ Hispanics are under-identified within certain disability categories compared to their White peers (U. S. Department of Education, 2006). †¢ Asian/Pacific Islander students are actually less likely to be identified for special education services than other CLD populations (NABE, 2002). There are a number of possible action steps school personnel can take to ensure that individual assessments are conducted in a culturally responsive and nondiscriminatory manner (Klotz & Canter 2006). Recommendations include: †¢Allowing more time. Assessments of students from diverse backgrounds require more time to gather important background information and allow for alternative and flexible procedures. †¢Gathering extensive background information. To provide a context for the evaluation, conduct a review of all available background information including: school attendance, family structure, household changes and moves, and medical, developmental, and educational histories. †¢Utilizing student progress monitoring data from Response-to-Intervention (RtI) or problem-solving processes. Data generated from a process that determines if the child responds to scientific evidence-based interventions should be included in a comprehensive evaluation. The National Research Council on Minority Representation in Special Education recommended the use of data from a systematic problem-solving process measuring the student’s response to high quality interventions (National Research Council, 2002, pp. 7-8). †¢Addressing the role of language. Determining the need for and conducting dual language assessments are essential steps in an evaluation process. This includes determining the student’s language history (i. e. , ages that the student spoke and heard various languages), dominance (i. e. , greatest language proficiency), and preference (i. e. , the language the student prefers to speak). †¢ Using nonverbal and alternative assessment strategies. When assessing students from CLD backgrounds, use standardized nonverbal cognitive and translated tests (when available in the target language). Additional assessment techniques, including curriculum-based assessments, test-teach-test strategies and in-direct sources of data, such as teacher and parent reports, portfolios, work samples, teacher/student checklists, informal interviews and observations, and classroom test scores are also helpful in completing an accurate, comprehensive evaluation (NEA, 2007). Bibliography Bush, President George W. (December 3, 2004). Bipartisan Special Education Reform Bill. Retrieved from http://www. ed. gov/news/newsletters/extracredit/ 2004/12/1203. html Cahalan, C. & Morgan, D. L. (2003). Review of state policy for high stakes testing of students with disabilities on high school exit exams. Educational Testing Service. Department of Education. (2003). Title I ? Improving the Academic Achievement of the Disadvantaged; Proposed Rule. (34 CFR Part 200). Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office. Dolson, David P. (1985). â€Å"The Effect of Spanish Home Language Use on the Scholastic Performance of Hispanic Pupils. † Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, V. 6, No. 2,50. Fair Test. (2005). The National Center for Fair & Open Testing. Retrieved from http://www. fairtest. org on October 12, 2011 Goldhaber, D. (2002). What might go wrong with the accountability measures of the? No Child Left Behind Act? The Urban Institute. IDEA Partnership. http://www. ideapartnership. org Klot z, M. B. & Canter, A. (2006). Culturally Competent Assessment and Consultation. Retrieved October 2011 from: http://www.naspcenter. org/principals/Culturally%20Competent%20Assessment%20and%20Consultation%20NASSP. pdf. Improving accountability for limited English proficient and special education students under the No Child Left Behind Act. (2003). Washington Area School Study Council. National Association of School Psychology. (2007). The Truth in Labeling: Disproportionality Special Education. Retrieved from www. nea. org/books on October 15, 2011. National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities. (2001a). Issues in learning disabilities: Assessment and diagnosis. In Collective perspectives on issues affecting learning disabilities (2nd ed. , pp. 55–61). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. (Original work published 1987) National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities. (2005). Responsiveness to intervention and learning disabilities. Available from www. ldonline. org/njcld. National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities. (2007). The documentation disconnect for students with learning disabilities: Improving access to postsecondary disability services. Available from www. ldonline. org/njcld National Center for Culturally Responsive Educational Systems. (Fall 2005). Cultural considerations and challenges in response-to-intervention models. An NCCRESt position statement. Retrieved October 2011 From http://www. nccrest. org/PDFs/rti. pdf? v_document_name=Culturally%20Responsive%20RTI. No educator left behind: Testing special education students. (2003). Retrieved October 15, 2011, from http://www. education-world. com/a_issues/NELB/NELB025. shtml Olson, L. (2004). Data show schools making progress on federal goals. Education Week, 24, 24-28. Retrieved from http://www. edweek. org Tomes, H. Ph. D. (2004). In public interest: Are we really leaving no child behind? American Psychologist, 35, 31-35. Retrieved from www. apa. org on October 15, 2011 U. S. Department of Education. (2004). Twenty-fourth annual report to Congress on the implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Washington, DC: Author.

The Sociological Imagination Option 1 - 830 Words

SFD #1 The Sociological Imagination [Option 1] Each day people are faced by many external forces. Events such as deadlines, tests, or meetings are just a few examples of external forces that an individual faces on a daily basis. However, many do not realize the larger, more innate forces that are in play that we do not think about. For instance, concepts like globalization, the state of the economy, or even the community we live in, all play an important influence in shaping our daily lives. This concept is embodied through C. Wright Mills sociological imagination. Essentially, it looks at our daily lives from a different perspective and understanding the larger social forces of culture that affect our daily lives. In this paper, I will be demonstrating how the sociological imagination applies to education and my route to entering medical school. Personal Explanation From a very young age, I have always wanted to become a doctor. 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